Cheese Making: How to Start Small Scale Paneer Manufacturing

By Nithyasrm CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Paneer or cheese making is a highly lucrative business venture. The business requires effective planning, good marketing strategy and funding.

A small paneer making enterprise would need moderate investment and technical knowledge. The fresh cheese is popular in Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and south Asian countries.

The sturdy curdling heated milk is un-aged and has different additives. Producers separate the curd from the whey when the milk is heated.

The curd is drained in a cheese cloth and dipped in chilled water for 3 hours. Then additives are added kneaded or processed with machinery.

Paneer comes in two variations packaged or fresh and common in many culinary dishes. The cheese has lots of protein, vitamins, fats and minerals.

How to Start Small Scale Paneer Manufacturing

Different Types of Paneer

Due to demand the fresh cheese has gone through different changes and variations. Producers continually experiment with ingredients and heat treatment to produce unique tasting products.

Many countries have added their own local ingredients to develop their own variation of the fresh cheese. Different types of paneer are enriched low fat, low fat and fiber rich paneer.

Others are skim milk-paneer, soy paneer, protein-rich, vegetable infused paneer and spiced paneer

A list of Different Types of Paneer

Long- shelf life paneer

Processed paneer

Low fat

Spiced paneer

Vegetable infused paneer

Masala paneer

Curry paneer

Protein enriched

Soy

Fiber rich paneer

Ingredients used in making Paneer

Animal Milk

The major raw material used in the production of the cheese is milk and additives. Different types of milk sources are buffalo milk, cow milk, goat milk and sheep milk.

Other milk sources used by producers are dried milk, low fat milk and mixed milk. Buffalo milk produces high quality cheese because of the presence of huge amounts of casein, fat globules and minerals.

Mixed milk and buffalo milk fortified with non fat dry milk increase the yield.  Cow milk has additives added to the mix to produce the cheese.

List of Milk Sources for Paneer

Dried milk

Low fat milk

Sheep milk

Goat milk

Mixed milk

Cow milk

Buffalo milk

Additives used in the Preparation of Paneer

The producer determines the type of additive they use during the production process. Some additives are used to increase shelf life and add unique tastes or flavors.

Common additives are calcium compounds, vegetable oil, coconut milk, herbs and protein enrichment. Other additives found in paneer cheese are sodium compounds, salt, and buttermilk.

Protein enrichment increase nutritional value, sodium compounds for increased moisture and calcium for curd formation. Coconut milk increases quality, herbs for better quality, emulsifying salt adds composition and taste.

A list of Additives in Fresh Cheese

Fruit juices

Hydrocolloids

Dietary fibre

Salts

Sodium compounds

Butter-milk

Protein enrichment

Coconut milk

Vegetable oil

Herbs

Calcium compounds

Preparation Process of Paneer

The fresh cheese goes through heat treatment of milk and coagulation. The heat treatment destroys pathogens and reduces solubility of colloidal calcium phosphate.

To achieve desired yield they use heat of 90°C. There are different types of strength coagulants used by manufacturers. The coagulation of milk is done by process such as temperature coagulation and ph coagulation.

After the heating process and coagulation the cheese goes through whey drainage, hooping and pressing. The final stage is preservation and packaging the product.

Paneer has a very low shelf life and quickly depreciates after a few days. The manufacturing process is done either manually or through mechanization.

Quality Control

Put in place effective quality control mechanism to maintain taste of product. Make sure the microbiological quality of the product is consistent. Other things to look out for are color, smell and texture of the product.

Use in Dishes

Traditional Indian dishes introduce paneer into the composition. Common dishes include matter paneer, shahi paneer, paneer tikka, saag, rasgulla and palak paneer. Others are paneer bhurji, chilli paneer, kadai paneer and paneer capsicum.

Machinery and Equipment for Paneer Making

Common equipment used in the making of paneer are cheese vat, cheese cooker, cheese press and paneer mould. Other equipments are paneer vat, khowa pan, continous khowa making machine. You need milk tanks, silo, cold room and milk storage equipment.

Register the Business

Register your enterprise as a sole proprietorship business. Acquire a business name and insurance cover.

You need a manufacture and trade license to operate. Your product should pass a basic standardization test.

Apply labeling and manufacturer date on your product.  You can raise funds through target savings or borrow from friends and family.

You need a good location in an urban area or market place. Create a website for your business and sell online to customers.

Marketing Potential

There is a huge market in India and other Asian countries. The cheese features in many menus and is a staple in many homes.

You can sell your product in departmental stores, supermarkets, restaurants and hotels. Use advertisement in electronic and print media to introduce your product. Use online resources such as social media advertisements and forums.

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Poultry Farming Business Plan

By Anna Frodesiak, via Wikimedia Commons

If you are interested in applying for a bank or government loan for your startup poultry farm then you need a business plan. The startup poultry farming business plan focuses on the various challenges in establishing such an enterprise.

The main stumbling block for new investors in the livestock business is funding and running a self sustaining unit. The business concept should be properly highlighted and covered in the plan.

Areas such as business objective, purpose for setting up the venture and farm description are important. Other objectives include market analysis, training, operational management, planning and implementation.

Poultry Farming Business Plan

The business plan should start with an executive summary, objectives, mission statement and key to success. Other things include are management team, company summary, ownership structure and products.

More content are production process, location, marketing strategy and implementation. Include a business model, financial management report, cash flow projections and SWOT analysis.

Describe the business template, product and offer an insight to the company’s objective and mission statement. Define the management team, company history, ownership structure and summary.

Describe the product in this case broilers and egg production including best location. What are your marketing strategies to effectively compete with existing brands?

The business model addresses the management of the farm and financial planning. Add in your business plan cash flow projections, performance expectation, administration, maintenance and utility.

Finally you need to project your financial position based on current assets, equipment, inventory, trade, equity and liabilities.

Purpose for Establishing the Poultry Farm

The purpose could depend on your objective and reason such as financial gain or communal development. Derivatives include local employment opportunity and cheaper products.

Demand is an important reason why an entrepreneur decides to establish a poultry farm. Other objectives could include provision of quality products, nutritional benefit to host community and strong consumer relationship.

Business Description

The poultry farms purpose is to provide quality products. The company’s products are broiler and egg production.

The type of production dictates how to describe the company’s core business. Some companies focus only on broiler product or egg production while some operate in both sectors.

Fashion your company description with clear indication of scope of work. The company description should include an address, name and designation of founders and vision statement.

Product and Services

The broiler/egg production unit should make provisions for financing, training and purchase of high quality equipment. Other parameters include after sales service, planning, leasehold and sourcing poultry.

Planning involves regularity of egg production or broilers sales within a specified period. Things to consider critically are the feed to egg or meat conversation rate.

You need to base your calculation on a specific number of poultry bird within a specified period. An effective broiler cycle involves a minimum of 50 days cycle.

The cost of chicken and egg production depends on the size and scope of your enterprise. Special consideration is needed for farm property, housing equipment, transportation and purchasing the birds. Others are cost of chicken feed, healthcare, labor and utilities

Marketing Research and Analysis

There is huge demand for poultry and poultry products. Eggs and chickens are staple food items in most homes.

The customer base includes restaurants, hotels, catering establishment and bakeries. Household consumption accounts for about 48% of products eaten worldwide.

Things needed to Run a Poultry Farm

You need a good brood of chickens, high quality feed and veterinary services. The hen house should be properly ventilated, lighted and easy to clean. You need a basic understanding of skill required to run a successful farm.

Poultry Farm Equipment

There are international conventions and rules on space to grow chickens. The industrial standards require 15 birds per square meter for best results.

Common equipment’s are header tank, feeder pan, broiler drinkers. Others are high pressure temperature control and gas heaters. Other utilities are ventilation fan, solar lights and brooder hooks.

Feed and Water Requirements

There are standard daily feed requirements based on different stages of growth. Water is an essential commodity in the growth and developmental stages of chickens.

Make sure you have adequate supply of clean drinking water for your brood. To monitor the chickens growth progress keep performance statistic records for reference or further implementation.

Chicken Mortality

Chicken die easy so proper care is essential to their survival. They need regular medication and vaccination from harmful diseases.

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How to Start a Garri Processing Business

Gari is a product obtained from processed cassava and eaten in local dishes. It comes in two varieties the white garri and yellow garri.

The white one is generally eaten as a snack by adding water, sugar or salt while the yellow garri is eaten in meals. The difference between the two variants is the presence of palm oil in the yellow garri.

Garri is common in many West African countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Togo and Benin. Some other cassava producing countries are Uganda, Malawi, India, Angola, Brazil, Indonesia, Thailand and Mozambique.

Cassava is a tropical plant abundant in most West African countries. It has many industrial and commercial applications including the production of garri.

To start garri product business you need to source startup capital and the good equipment. Most garri processing plants are fabricated and widely favored for production.

Economic importance of cassava stems from its many uses. Cassava has culinary, industrial and manufacturing applications. Cassava could be processed into bio-fuel, animal feed and other products.

The product has a huge market and attracts premium prices in the market.  Before you invest in a garri processing plant you need to learn the production technique.

Other requirements are hiring experienced staff and write a comprehensive business plan. Here are a few business ideas on how to start a garri processing business.

How to Start a Garri Processing Business

Write a Garri Processing Business Plan

You need to write a garri processing business plan to guide the enterprise. The plan should cover an executive summary, objectives of the business and mission statement.

It needs a company summary, company ownership structure, type of product and key to success. Other things in the plan are market analysis, target market, strategic segmentation and how to implement them.

You also need a sales strategy, good profit and loss account including milestones. Projecting the profit loss, break even analysis, funding and cash flow will be valuable data.

Raw Material

Cassava is the raw material you need to produce edible garri. Other additives are palm oil to produce yellow garri. Yellow garri is preferred as eba while white garri better as a snack.

How to Make Garri from Cassava

The main ingredient used in making garri is cassava flour. The farmer first uproots the tuber and peels.

The simple process continues with washing then grating or grinding. The grating process produces cassava mash.

The mash is left in a porous bag to ferment for two days. The water is the extracted and mash sieved and heat applied.

The roasting produces granular residue called garri. The entire process could be done manually or through mechanized equipment.

There are many fabricated and semi automated machinery that effectively carries out the process. In Nigeria garri processing through traditional methods is labor intensive and usually manual.

Economic Benefit of Cassava

The uses of cassava include making of ethanol bio-fuel, ingredient in animal feed and making of laundry starch. Other uses are medicinal applications, alcoholic beverages and culinary dishes.

Garri as Food

 Eba is dough produced when garri is mixed with hot water. The food is eaten with different types of sew such as Egusi, vegetable stew, oha and plain stew.

You can also eat garri as a snack by adding cold water and sugar. The light cereal is usually eaten with peanuts or groundnuts.

Machinery used to Produce Garri

Common equipment used to process garri includes cassava graters, hydraulic press, automatic garri fryer and vibrating sieves.

 Locally fabricated machinery

Cassava Peeling Machine

Cassava Shifter

Garri Fryer

Cassava Washer

Cassava Grater

Hydraulic Cassava Presser

Locating the Garri Processing Plant

Closeness to a source of raw material is important when choosing a good factory location. This effectively reduces transportation cost from and too the farm.

You need moderate space for equipment and good storage facility.  Another good location is within an open market for easier sales.

Funding the Garri Enterprise

You don’t need huge funds to start a small garri processing plant. Leverage on locally fabricated equipment and manpower. Secure funds through micro-financing, thrift savings, partnership arrangement or loans from agricultural banks.

You could try target savings or borrow from family and friends.

Marketing the Garri Product

The major consumers of garri are Nigerians. The various food and industrial applications make garri an easy sell.

Sell directly to wholesalers, retailers or private residents. You don’t need any advertisement or branding however makes people aware of your product. Make sure you produce good garri for better patronage.

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Izal Disinfectant: How to Make Izal Germicide Disinfectant

Disinfectants are useful in every home, toilet and kitchen. They have active ingredients that fight bacteria and germs on surfaces.

There are many brands of germicides in the market however one stands out from the others. Izal is a germicide disinfectant that’s liquid and has a whitish color.

It is primarily used in toilets to sterilize the environment and kill harmful germs.  Izal is easy to make and attracts good price.

Some business owners interested in making izal needs to know how to manufacture the product. The startup capital is low especially home based production.

Marketing Izal

Potential customers for izal products include fast food outfits, restaurant and catering companies. Others are hotels, offices, schools and homes.

The disinfectant is used in toilets, kitchens, slabs, counters and floors. The active ingredient kills bacteria and germs.

To effectively market the products use print and electronic media to push your product. Make sure you produce only high quality izal and use good packaging.

Your product needs approval and certification from the food and drug administration of your country. To raise funds for the business try personal saving or reach out to friends and family.

Build a Website

Build a website to sell your products online. You will reach far more people using this marketing technique.

On the site include vivid picture of the product, product description and price. Include PayPal payment portal or a checkout cart for easy payment.

Register the Business

Apply for a business name and register the enterprise as a one man business. Get a manufacturers license and trade license.

Make sure the product passes a basic standardization test and add a manufactures number and date. The product is required to have a label highlighting the ingredients and composition.

Chemicals in izal

Strict safety protocols should be established because the chemicals are dangerous. You need complete safety gear, measuring utensils and knowledge of the production process.

Make sure you have a fist aid kit for treatment of burns. There are many chemicals that make up the composition of izal.

The chemical are phenol, texapon, izal booster and pine oil. Other ingredients include water, izal concentrate, lyzol, carboxylic acid, and whitener. 

The whitener provides the germicide characteristics, lyzol the active ingredient while carboxylic acid is an amino acid. Izal concentrate is a poisonous acidic compound, pine oil a good cleaning agent and phenol is carbolic acid.

A List of Chemicals in Izal

Phenol

Carbolic Acid

Booster Agent

Izal Booster Germicide

Izal Concentrate

Amino acids

Acetic Acids

Pine oil

Lyzol

How to Make Izal Germicide Disinfectant

The first step is to gather all the raw materials. Once you have the chemicals dissolve texapon with phenol. Then add pine oil and rigorously stir the mixture.

The next step is to add Lysol, booster and measured liters of water. Make sure throughout the process you continuously stir the mixture.

Before you can use the carbolic acid you need to dissolve in water along with the white binder. Add the resultant mixture to the main one and include a concentrate.

To get a good consistency add water appropriately and stir vigorously. The exact measurement of chemical and water proportions depends on the volume of izal you want to make.

Chemical and Quantity

¼ of a litre	1/8  of a litre
¼ Lyzol	1/8 Carboxylic acid
¼ Izal booster	1/8 Phenol
¼ whitener
¼ Izal concentrate	Texapon-1/4kg

Equipment

You need a well equipped laboratory for experimentation and mixing. Purchase safety gear such as goggles, gloves, and first aid box.

You need mixing bowls, pots and long spoon for stirring. Find viable sources for your raw materials or purchase them in the open market. Chemical wholesalers are a good place to find suppliers. Make sure your product passes quality control measures and use proper packaging.

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Raising Capital through Crowdfunding

The concept of crowdfunding involves raising capital through a contributory scheme. The funds are gathered in small donations by a large number of people towards an objective or fundraising activity.

In the past investors facilitated major project through a collective fund financed by major contributors. However a new dynamic using the power of the collective and advancement in internet accessibility has raised new contributors.

The collective effort is not only geared towards raising investment funds. We also have debit crowdfunding, equity crowdfunding, security crowdfunding and investment funding.

Crowdfunding model has an ancient history and is based on cooperative movement towards a goal.  Crowdfunding gained modern popularity with the advent of crowdfunding websites.

The website focuses on specific niche groups such as film, arts, entrepreneurs and innovations. Other sectors are design, technology development, loans and startup capital.

Popular websites that offer crowdfunding are circleup, angel list, endurance lending network and micro ventures. More include rockethub, peerbackers and indegogo.

Types of Crowdfunding

The major types of crowdfunding are equity, debt, charity and reward. Equity crowdfunding involves exchange of equity ownership.

The mechanism of equity crowdfunding is similar to trading company share certificates. While debt crowdfunding focuses on lending money to individual investors or startup companies. 

Charity crowdfunding involves donations unlike reward based funding.

Types of Crowdfunding Platforms

Reward crowdfunding

Donation crowdfunding

Investment crowdfunding

Loans

Charity

Other Sources of Crowdfunding

Crowdfunding is not limited to websites or financial institutions. There are other sources of crowdfunding such as cooperatives, acquaintances, social club, family and friends.

Entrepreneurs looking to raise funds for their projects could consider crowdfunding as a viable alternative to bank loans.

Crowdfunding as a Fundraising Mechanism

The system has great potential as a fundraising mechanism. Important platforms and application of crowdfunding include real estate ventures, innovation, science and intellectual property.

Others are philanthropy, charity, industrialization, film and agriculture. Real estate investment is needed to develop residential estates and commercial buildings.

The huge amount of capital needed allows contractors facilitate funds through cooperatives and crowdfunding initiatives.

Philanthropic projects abound and they require funds or donations. Crowdfunding allows private individuals contribute to favorite charities.  Organization such as InnerWheel or rotary club use crowdfunding to implement major urbanization projects.

Benefits and Risks Associated with Crowdfunding

Crowdfunding has both financial and non financial benefits. The platforms provide audience engagement, feedback, project initiatives and marketing opportunities.

Financial benefits are low cost capital facilitated through angel investors, home equity loans, venture capitalist, family and friends. Other advantages are large pool of fundraisers, collective ideas and initiatives.

Controversies

Controversies that emanate from crowdfunding sources could be due to misuse of funds. The recipient of such funds could divert the funds into other areas not approved by the fundraisers.

Sometimes the recipient unwittingly or purposefully violate the terms of agreement. The crowd fund managers on such occasions could redraw support or penalize the recipient.

Risk Associated to Fundraisers

The donors face a few risks such as IP protection, donor exhaustion, reputation and abuse of the system.  Using the same donors for different projects will rapidly deplete their resources.

Most crowdfund managers have strict regulatory framework to guide loans. However, the framework is prone to attack, misuse and mismanagement.

Another challenge is the large number of investors in the crowd fund. There will be conflict of interest, undue interference and miscommunication.

Benefit to Investors

Crowdfunding is beneficial to investors in many ways. Crowdfunding provides value for new investors by reducing costs and support to neglected markets.

Collective investors also gain higher interests on their investment due to large amounts and better rates.

How to get investment

To rise funds concentrate on fundraisers in your particular niche. You need a comprehensive business plan and feasibility study.

The fundraiser will be interested in your competence, management team and ability to execute the project.

Create your business plan 

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How to Start a Toothpaste Production Plant

Toothpaste could be regarded as an essential commodity. Although there are native alternatives the paste is the most ideal and prolific method of cleaning our teeth.

There are literally thousands of toothpaste brands and products in the market place. The products have identical compositions however the active ingredients, color, taste and functionality are slightly different.

The viscous soft substance main function is to preserve our teeth from cavities and dentures.  The smooth, soft paste comes in different colors, flavors and packaging.

The common identifier is thin aluminum foil tube of different sizes and dimensions. Although paste also comes in gel or powder the universally favored form is paste.

To launch your toothpaste production plant you need a few things. Find a good location for the business, purchase the right equipment, secure funding and devise an effective marketing strategy.

You need to focus on paste research and development including customer’s preferences and prices. The toothpaste industry is highly profitable however you face stiff competition from established brands.

Here are a few ideas on how to start a toothpaste production plant

How to Start a Toothpaste Production Plant

Estimated Investment and Funding

A small toothpaste production plant would require moderate investment. It depends on leasehold, type of equipment, staff strength and cost of raw material.

Other financial impute are total cost of production, fixed and working capital. The capacity, output and market acceptability determines the profit margin.

A standard plant should be able to produce about 7-10 million tubes a year. To secure funding approach a commercial bank in your area.

Present the business plan, management structure and provide collateral. The loan should be long termed with fixed interest rate. If you are averse to loans try target savings or borrow from friends and acquaintances.

Source Raw Materials

It is important to have a ready source of raw materials. Secure supply deals with companies and purchase in bulk to reduce costs.

Common ingredients in toothpaste are glycerin, calcium carbonate and water. Other ingredients are preserving agents, mustering agent and perfume. The basic raw materials are easily sourced in the local market.

A List of Ingredients in Toothpaste

Sodium monofluorphosphate

Calcium carbonate

Glycerin

Bronopol

Aluminum Lactate

Allantoin

Sorbitol

Develop the Necessary Skill

Before venturing into toothpaste production you need to acquire knowledge of the production process. Apart from product development and execution you need basic business skills. 

Learn through seminars, manuals, books and practical experience. Hire an experienced lab technician to develop the product. You need fully fitted laboratory to develop different tastes and products.

Write a Toothpaste Production Business Plan

The toothpaste production plan should have a vision and mission statement. Focus on niche market, customer preferences, popular products and marketing strategy.

You could hire a freelancer to write the plan or other professional services. Once you have the business plan add a comprehensive feasibility study of your preferred location.

Secure Factory Space

Lease a property that has ample space for machine installation and storage. The factory should have a loading deck, parking and good road network. 

Make sure the property provides utility such as water and electricity to aid production. Some good locations are urban areas, closeness to raw material or within a popular market.

Toothpaste Machinery and Production Technology

Setup a fully equipped laboratory for product research and development. Hire experienced chemists or laboratory technicians to carry out the product development.

Common equipment used by toothpaste production plants are injection shoulder and shear mixer machines. Others are weighing machine, sealing machine, mixing vessels, discharge pumps, tube filler and storage tanks.

The production technology involves homogenizing a mixture, cooling and filling.

A List of Equipment/Machinery

Sealing Machine BTSM-50

Chiller Machine -5p

Tune body mold machine 100mc

Vacuum Paste Machine 50ML, 75ML

Register the Toothpaste Manufacturing Company

Your produce needs to pass a quality standardization test including food and drugs certification. To operate you need a trade license and business name.

Register your business with the corporate affairs commission in your country. The business could operate as a sole proprietorship or limited liability company.

The product might be subjected to value added tax and don’t forget insurance. You need a personal identification number for tax related purposes.

Develop a Marketing Strategy

Toothpaste is an essential commodity used to prevent cavities and tooth decay. It is popular in urban and rural areas accounting for billions of dollars sale worldwide. 

To effectively position your paste for profitability develops an aggressive marketing strategy. Use lots of electronic media advertisements and radio jingles.

Print huge billboards, posters and banners to highlight the product. Use commission based sales representatives to find new customers.

Offer free samples in popular supermarkets, malls and grocery stores. Create fun promotional campaigns and offer loyal patrons incentives such as prizes or cash rewards.

Attract major wholesalers with good remunerations for their investment in your product. Finally produce high quality product and use attractive packaging.

Focus on target demography and niche market to push your products. Don’t forget to build a website and use online promotions to expand your reach.

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Start Mattress and Pillow Manufacturing

There is a huge market for mattress and pillow products. Mattresses are manufactured in different sizes, dimensions and thickness. We have the small single, mini single, toddler crib and twin-mattress.

Others are the double, queen size, king size and super king. Cushioning material include cotton, straw, polyurethane foam or hair. While some feature inner spring within the mattress core.

A basic mattress consists of an upholstery layer and inner core. Investors interested in the industry need to focus on a particular type of mattress.

The quality of the materials determines the durability, level of comfort and price. Poor grade mattresses degrade quickly while high quality foams last several years.

Pillow Manufacturing

Pillows generally are used to support the head and neck region. Pillows are fabrics that contain stuffing and a pillow case. Pillow case stuffing includes hair, feathers, cotton, foam and light fibers.

To start your mattress and pillow manufacturing company you need a few things. First write a business plan and carry out a feasibility study of your locality.

You need startup funding, equipment, factory space and labor. Here are a few business ideas on how to start a mattress and pillow manufacturing business.

 Start Mattress and Pillow Manufacturing Business.

Learn the Trade

The first step is to learn how to make mattress and pillow. There are many resources that provide tutorials on how to manufacture the products.

Develop the skill through practical experience, trade workshops, seminar and books. You can gain knowledge from website publications, how to videos and e-books.

Different Types of Mattress

There are different types of mattress found in the market today. A mattress consists of an innerspring located at the core of the mattress.

We have the encased coil, offset coils, continuous coils and Bonnell coils. Offset and Bonnell coils feature hourglass coils while continuous coils are made from a single piece of wire.

The Marshall Coils are barrel shaped and encased in fabric pockets.

Types of Mattress

Different types of mattress include waterbeds, air mattress, bladder mattress, high density foam mattress. Others are latex foam mattress, memory foam mattress.

Elements in the Mattress

Apart from the innerspring a mattress has layers of upholstery. Foundations are added for rigidity, strength and durability.

The foam could be polyurethane foam, latex foam or high density foam. The upholstery layer consists of quilt, insulator and middle upholstery.

The quilt is the top layer while the middle upholstery is an insulator made from flexible polyurethane foam.

Sizes and Dimension of Mattresses

There are different sized mattresses such as Crib toddler 69cm x 131cm, mini single 76cm x 178cm, single 76cm x 191cm.  Others are cot size 76cm x 188cm, single twin 99cm x 191cm, double full 137cm x 191cm.

More are super king 183cm x 198cm, California king 183cm x 213cm, queen size 152cm x 203cm.  The sizes are based on dimensions prevalent in the United States of America and Canada.

Quality Control

The mattress should conform to different quality tests. The product should pass edge support test, stability, firmness and pressure distribution. The durability or lifespan of a mattress ranges between 10 to 20 years.

Types of Pillows

Pillows fall into three generalized types. We have the decorative pillow, orthopedic and bed pillow. However the main function is to support the head and neck during sleep.

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How Pillows are Made

 The best pillows are the ones that easily conform to shape. Common fillers are feathers, foam, synthetic fibers and straw.

The pillow is filled with the aforementioned materials and a pillow casing is applied. They are sown round to encase the filling or a zip is added to the side. The casing is then covered with cloth cover to protect the pillow from dirt.

Basic Sizes of Pillows

Basic sizes of pillow are standard, square, queen size small standard and king size. The dimensions of small standard are 41cm x 41cm, large standard 51cm x 66cm, queen 51cm x 76cm.

Others include king size 51cm x 91 cm and square 66cm x 66cm. Orthopedic pillows are purposely built to support and align the neck. Meanwhile decorative pillows are fancy pillows with dual applications.

Starting the Venture

To start the venture you need a good location then purchase equipment. Register the business and get insurance cover.

Hire trained experience staff and source raw materials. Apply effective marketing strategy and build quality products.

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Corn Oil Processing Business

Among our list of profitable business ideas corn oil is at the top. The reason is because for a business to be succeed you need availability of raw material, deep market penetration and a popular product. Corn oil processing also provides lots of byproducts with huge industrial applications.

The oil processing business is applicable both small and large scale. To succeed a small scale company needs an ideal location and high technology.

The factory should have easy accessibility and good road network. To launch your enterprise first write a business plan and carry out a feasibility study.

Other requirement for your seed processing plant is quality grain and good processing machinery. For best results purchase a complete oil extraction plant. There are different types of machinery available for purchase with different capacity and technicalities.

Corn Oil Processing and Refining

The raw material used in processing corn oil is corn germ. A complete processing plant should be capable of producing germ meal, soapstock and cooking oil. 

Other byproducts are hydrogenated oil, Ni catalyst and bleaching earth. Hydrogenated oil is the base stock in the production of margarine while feedstock is a component in biodiesel.

Other byproducts are used to produce insecticides, paint, textile and soap.

Corn Oil Processing for Hydrogenated Oil Flow Chart

Corn germ-flaking-conditioning-pressing-extraction-evaporation-filteration-alkalization-cetrifugation-washing- centrifugation-vacuum drying-bleaching- filtering-hydrogenation-filtering-post bleaching-filtering-deodorizing-polish filtering-hydrogenated oil

Corn Processing for Cooking Oil

The production process starts with the corn germ then flaking to conditioning, pressing and extraction. After the extraction process it goes to evaporation to get crude corn oil then filtration, alkali refining and centrifuging.

The process continues with vacuum drying, bleaching, filtrating, deodorization and polish filtering to get cooking grade oil.

Corm Processing for Cooking Oil Flow Chart

Corn germ - Flaking- Conditioning – Pressing –Extracting – Evaporating – Filtering – Alkali Refining –Centrifuging – Washing – Centrifuging - Vacuum drying – Bleaching – Filtering – Winterizing – Filtering –Deodorizing –Polishing - Cooking oils.

A List of Byproducts from Corn Oil Processing

Hydrogenated oil

Spent bleach earth

Deodorizer Distillate

Wax

Bleached Earth

Catalyst

Germ meal

Spent Bleached Earth

Soapstock

Small Scale Corn Oil Extraction Plant

There are different verities of corn oil extraction plants available in the market. They have the fully automated machinery, manual and semi automated machinery.

They come in branded equipment including fabricated machinery based on output and capacity. The extraction equipment you choose should have a good out put, mechanically driven and high efficiency. 

An ideal machine should accommodate easy installation, small space and few operators. The reduced labor would impact positively on the plants overall profit margin.

The versatility of the plant is essential and should have the capacity of processing different seeds.  A good oil processing machine can process cotton seed, corn seed, palm kernels, rapeseed, peanuts and sunflower seed.

Machinery you might need is oil production line, vegetable oil refinery, solvent extraction equipment, oil expeller, oil seed pretreatment plant. Study the performance index as related to other seeds such as rapeseed, groundnuts, beans, cotton seed and sesame seed.

The performance index covers capacity per kg per hour, output ratio and percentage of cake residues.

Products Derived from Corn Oil Processing

There are many benefits to starting a corn oil processing plant. Apart from the cooking grade oil the byproducts have many industrial and manufacturing applications. 

Industrial uses include soap making, textiles, rust proofing and paint manufacturing. Others are salve, making of ink, insecticides, pharmaceuticals applications and nitroglycerine.

A List of Products

Cooking grade oil

Inks

Textiles

Rust proofing

Paint making

Insecticides

Nitroglycerine

Soap making

Locating the Corn Mill

Locate the processing plant close to source of raw materials. This will drastically reduce transportation costs and increase profit.

Study the state zoning formula on establishment of such processing plants. The factory needs to have good utilities, easy accessibility and ample storage and parking space.

Funding the Processing Plant

Even a small scale processing plant is moderately expensive. You need funds for high quality machinery and equipment's.

Other things that require funding are working and fixed capital expense. Apply for bank loans or source loans through cooperative societies.

Many countries encourage manufacturing and offer subventions and waivers. You could seek out a core investor or sell startup equity to raise funds. 

How to Start Sunflower Oil Production

Marketing the Corn Oil

Corn oil is a popular product and requires little marketing. Your marketing strategy depends on your niche group, target and demography. Apply branding, good appealing packaging and a memorable name.

Use electronic and traditional print media to attract patronage. Make sure your product is high quality, attractive and reasonably priced.

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